Human papillomavirus: typing and genotyping

Medical has known more than 120 types of HPV, they are classified by many different approaches. There is a summary of the major viruses, compiled according to the results of large-scale screening studies:

The symptoms	A kind
Skin:
Plantar warts	1, 2, 4
Common warts	2, 4, 26, 27, 29, 57
Flat warts	3, 10, 28, 49
Butcher warts	7
Epidermal warts	5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 36
Skin damage without warts	37, 38
Genital mucous membranes:
Genital warts	6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 54
Nonondylomatous lesions	6, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70
Carcinoma	16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56, 66, 68
Damage to non-genital mucous membranes:
Laryngeal papilloma	6, 11, 30
Carcinoma of the neck, tongue	2, 6, 11, 16, 18, 30

All tumors are divided according to the severity of cancer, the localization and shape of tumors on the skin.

1. Localization of infection: Alpha - affects the mucous membranes of the genital organs in men and women, manifested by condylomas. Beta - affects the superficial layers of the epidermis, manifested on the superficial layers of the epidermis with classical warts.
2. The genotype of the virus determines its carcinogenicity, that is, its ability to induce cancerous degeneration of infected tissues. Genotypic differentiation distinguishes these infections according to cancer risk: Low risk - 6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 53, 54, 55. Moderate - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66 High rice - 16, 18, 45, 56.
3. Types of skin cancer. Papillomas are divided into five main categories. Simple ones are the most common type of growth. As it develops, a warm, colored thick tubercle is formed. The warts are localized on the skin, both individually and in groups. Most commonly occurs on the inside and outside of the hands, the lower part of the face (lips, chin). There is also plant growth. Flat - dark in color and appears as small lumps on the skin. As a rule, they appear in the upper part of the body, less often than on the genitals. They are often felt in adolescence with a depletion of the immune system, arising in the neck and arms. Pointy tumors affect the mucous membranes and are classified as a risk factor for cancer. Filiform - acrochord or old age papilloma that occurs in middle-aged and elderly people. Internal mole - localized on internal organs. This includes tumors on the wall of the stomach and rectum, tumors in the mouth and bladder.

Methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention depend on the type of cancer detected.

Human papillomavirus is at high risk

HPV is one of the most common viruses. Most often, infection occurs through sex and family contact. For many years, the virus may be inactive and not manifest on its own. It can be triggered by various factors, for example, a weakened immune system or chronic illnesses.

High-risk human papillomaviruses are especially dangerous. This category includes:

• Average carcinogenicity - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66
• High likelihood of carcinogenicity - 16, 18, 45, 56, 59, 68.

Papillomas in cancer-causing people

Cancer-causing HPV is a serious danger, it is the viruses that can cause malignant degeneration of healthy cells. The risk group includes the following genotypes: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 68, 56, 58, 39, 70. They significantly increase the likelihood of genital and uterine cancers, anus and urethra.

Cancer-causing virus is manifested by genital warts. Their appearance is a signal for seeking medical help and removing tumors.

Human papillomavirus 1

This infectious agent can lead to heel warts and common warts. Very often, with this papillomavirus, deep lesions appear on the feet, causing discomfort and pain in the wearer. Bumps may form on the back of your hand and chin. In some cases, they appear on the eyelids, scalp, fingers and toes.

This virus has a low potential to cause cancer. At the same time, it is not possible to completely remove it from the body. Modern drugs can temporarily suspend its activity. Treatment is aimed at eliminating cosmetic problems, that is, removing the tumors. In the future, therapy is performed to increase the defenses of the immune system. The prescription of papilloma inhibitors is required.

Human papillomavirus 4

Another common viral disease. Manifested by the heel and common warts. As they grow, they are dark in color and have a rough surface. In some cases, smaller formations form around a large wart.

Patients complain of itching, burning, and pain in the affected area. HPV 4 also promotes the development of calluses and calluses on the soles of the feet.

This genotype does not present the risk of malignancy. For treatment, surgery to remove the tumors is used together with the patient's other immunotherapy.

Human papillomavirus 5

Responsible for the development of growth types. Most often, papillomavirus 5 leads to the appearance of warts or verruciform dysplasia. The disease is rare and manifests itself as heavily accumulated warts. The pathological condition develops at a young age and continues throughout life. According to statistics, women are more susceptible than men.

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EVL) is essentially a unique epidermal predisposition to papillomavirus infection. In this case, HPV 5 is highly carcinogenic, meaning the risk of degenerative skin transforming into squamous cell carcinoma.

Typical symptoms of epidermal dysplasia:

• Small blemishes merge into large lesions as they develop.
• The rash appears on the face, back, neck, abdomen and even on the buttocks.
• When the skin is damaged, linear structures appear at the site of the wound.
• On the body and limbs, the clusters grow larger and denser on the face and neck.

Human papillomavirus 6

The sixth type of HPV is diagnosed in middle-aged and older people. The lumps are pink or flesh-colored and shaped like a cauliflower. This papillomavirus is classified as a low-cancer-causing infection and increases the risk of diseases such as:

• Genital warts (condylomas).
• Laryngeal papilloma.
• Genital damage that does not drain.
• Conjunctivitis.

Treatment includes antiviral and rehabilitation therapy, surgery to remove the tumor. Special attention is given to disease prevention measures: personal hygiene, nutritional balance, and increased immunity.

Human papillomavirus 7

Due to infection with HPV 7 virus, so-called milia or Butcher warts appear on the skin. They represent painless, light brown growth that is often localized in the elbows and shoulders.

Meat warts appear in people who have frequent contact with raw meat. Infection gets into the skin through small lesions. The lumps on the elbows and hands appear painlessly.

Human papillomavirus 11

Papillomavirus type 11 is most often diagnosed in women and it manifests as genital warts. The pathological process involves the skin and mucous membranes. This HPV has a low carcinogenicity, meaning it is not susceptible to malignancy.

Men and women who are sexually active and who change sexual partners regularly are at risk. Infections can occur with other genital infections. When infected with genome 11, the pathogen is incorporated into the human chromosome, infecting the daughter cells of the carrier.

The main symptoms of the disease are:

• A single or multiple rash.
• Female warts appear on the labia, cervix, clitoris, urethra.
• In men, papillomas appear on the head and body of the penis, scrotum, and glans.
• In both sexes, papillomas have neighboring locations: anus, episiotomy, pharynx, bladder, area around the anus.

Diagnosis is made according to the type of spillage and is not difficult. It is not possible to completely destroy the virus, but there are a number of treatments that can prevent its action. For this, special drugs are used. Blood aspirations, laser therapy, and other surgical techniques are used to remove skin changes.

Prevention of HPV 11 infection is based on adherence to barrier methods of contraception to prevent infection during intercourse. It is also recommended to strengthen the immune system to increase its protective properties.

Human papillomavirus 12

Under certain factors, HPV 12 can manifest itself as epidermal aplasia or warts. This medical condition is also known as Lewandowski-Lutz disease. It refers to an inherited disorder.

Papillomavirus 12 requires a comprehensive diagnosis. This is due to the fact that the disease it causes can lead to serious dermatological defects and serious complications. In patient ¼, transformation of the affected tissues into squamous cell carcinoma is observed.

Human papillomavirus 16

One of the most common papillomaviruses, diagnosed in 60% of people, is HPV 16 (Human papillomavirus). This type of infection causes cancer and leads to the following conditions:

• Genital damage that does not drain.
• Carcinoma of the genitals.
• Carcinoma of the neck, tongue.

After infection, the virus is incorporated into the DNA region of healthy cells, thereby disrupting the body's natural anti-tumor immunity. According to statistics, in 42% of cases, the 16th genotype is the main cause of cervical cancer.

Human papillomavirus 18

One of the most common urogenital tract infections is papilloma. Type 18 of this infection has been linked to diseases such as HPV 16: cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer. It has a high potential to cause cancer. Immersion in the human genome stimulates the growth of benign masses, which gradually degenerate into cancer. In 70% of cases, HPV 18 is detected in women with uterine cancer.

Treatment is prescribed only after a comprehensive diagnosis and determination of the potential for malignancy of the tumor. Therapy includes surgery to remove the tumors, 2-3 rounds of antiviral drugs and immunostimulating drugs. At the same time, it should be noted the fact that today there is no drug that completely neutralizes the 18th genotype of papillomavirus.

Human papillomavirus 21

Another infection that causes epidermal dysplasia is HPV 21. At the same time, it is a low-cancer-causing virus. Most often, it manifests itself as genital warts and laryngeal papillomas.

Since the infection does not enter the bloodstream but only affects the skin, for diagnosis, a method of scraping the epidermis and a smear of cells from the mucous membrane is used. Complex treatment aimed at removing skin imperfections and strengthening the immune system.

Human papillomavirus 31

To date, more than a hundred papillomaviruses have been known, among them are carcinogens, i. e. substances that can cause malignant processes in the body. HPV 31 refers to an infection with a moderate ability to cause cancer that, under the influence of certain factors, leads to cancerous lesions.

31 genotypes have the following diseases:

• Fibroids 2 and 3 severity.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Penile cancer.
• Anal cancer.
• Cancer of the oral cavity and larynx.
• Bowen's disease.
• Keira's Erythroplasia.
• Oral complications.

Infection usually occurs during unprotected sex and is equally dangerous for both women and men. Infection can occur when the virus comes into contact with an open wound or during childbirth, ie from mother to child.

Human papillomavirus 33

HPV of this type is most often diagnosed in women, as it contributes to the development of diseases such as:

• Genital damage that does not drain.
• Genital carcinoma.
• Cervical dysplasia.
• Cervical cancer.

A pathological condition is considered a pathology, and infection occurs only between people. Two to four months after the HPV 33 virus enters the body, genital warts begin to form on the genitals with painful symptoms.

Human papillomavirus 35

Infection with this HPV virus is very dangerous because of the development of malignant processes in the body. Type 35 is diagnosed in both men and women, but only in the latter type does it cause serious problems.

Infection is manifested by lesions of the foreskin in the perineum, external genitalia, anus and oral cavity (base of the tongue, inner part of the cheeks). Infections can cause the development of dysplastic and cancerous processes in the cervix.

The cure of HPV 35 is not easy, so special attention should be paid to preventive measures: protective sex, a healthy lifestyle, strengthening the immune system, etc. v. In the case of an infection, treatment involves a set of techniques aimed at removing skin defects and suppressing papilloma activity.

Human papillomavirus 39

This genotype is serious and life-threatening, as it contributes to the degeneration of healthy tissues into malignancy. Women are most sensitive to HPV 39, as it leads to damage to the internal genitals. Infections can cause dysplasia and cervical cancer.

The infection may not manifest in any way for a long time, eating healthy tissues and increasing in size.

• The external symptoms of the infection are the skin growing on the inner wall of the vagina, the lining of the cervical canal, in the area of the cervix.
• Less commonly, seborrheic tumors form on the external genitalia, as well as around the outlet of the urethra or near the anus.
• Neoplastic tumors appear as single, multiple growth tumors, superficially like cauliflower.

Human papillomavirus 44

From the point of view of oncology, type 44 HPV is not dangerous. In the case of infection this infectious disease manifests itself by genital warts, genital warts on the cervix and other vital organs.

Skin growth treatment is performed to eliminate cosmetic discomfort, that is, the tumors are removed. In addition, all patients are prescribed a course of antiviral and immunostimulating drugs to prevent papilloma infection in the body.

Human papillomavirus 45

Another representative of the group of cancer-causing papillomas with a high risk of degeneration is type 45. Infections are characterized by the following manifestations:

• Genital warts.
• Enteric papilloma.
• Genital warts.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

Infection occurs during unprotected sex. A man is the carrier of the virus, while he may not be aware of it. In women, infection manifests itself as genital nodules. The pathology is very dangerous for the female body and requires serious treatment. It can take more than 20 years from the time of the infection to develop into a malignant tumor caused by HPV 45.

During the diagnostic process, PCR, dygen, calcoscopy, biopsy and cytology studies are performed to determine the genotype of the pathogen. Treatment depends on what stage the disease is at.

Human papillomavirus 51

This type of HPV is a genital infection with a moderate cancer risk. Infection is carried out primarily through sex and can lead to the following problems:

• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Cancer lesions of the anus, vulva, or vagina in women.
• Malignant tumors in the anus and penis in men.
• Genital warts.
• Buschke-Levenshtein giant condyloma.

To diagnose HPV, 51 patients need urogenital smear tests. With its help, clinical confirmation of the presence of infection in the body, genotype determination and risk assessment of malignancy are performed.

There is no specially formulated treatment for this type of infection. This therapy is aimed at suppressing malignant transformation and mobilizing the body's anti-tumor immunity.

Human papillomavirus 52

According to medical statistics, HPV 52 virus is identified in 70% of cases in women over 35 years old. Infection most often occurs when having unprotected sex. The painful state is associated with the following conditions:

• Genital warts and genital warts.
• Colon cancer in men.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

It is not possible to completely cure the virus, but with early diagnosis and proper treatment, cells can be protected from destruction and malignancy. To do this, surgery to remove the tumors, an antiviral therapy and drugs to boost the immune system are performed.

Human papillomavirus 53

It is possible to get HPV 53 from contact with the mucous membranes or skin cells of an infected person. This genotype has a low carcinogenicity and therefore has no risk of malignancy.

Once infected, the virus may be inactive for a long time. The effect of various factors, for example, weakening of protective properties of the immune system leads to its activation. As a result, the cells of the epidermis begin to actively divide, forming warts and genital warts.

Treatment of papillomavirus type 53 is to reduce the growth of the skin, take antiviral drugs and strengthen immunity.

Human papillomavirus 56

One of the types of papillomavirus infections in humans is HPV 56. This type is characterized by its high carcinogenicity and is associated with the following conditions:

• Genital damage that does not drain.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Carcinoma of the mucous membrane of the genitals.

This virus is dangerous for both women and men, causing genital warts and other tumors. Infection of the infection into the body occurs through the mucous membranes during unprotected sex or with an open wound that damages the epidermis.

HPV 56 requires complex treatment. Therapies include taking antiviral drugs, surgery to remove tumors, and boosting the immune system. Pay special attention to preventive measures to protect the body from infection.

Human papillomavirus 58

The causative virus of the type with average malignant transformation risk is type 58. Infections are included in the alpha group, that is, it contributes to the occurrence of such pathologies:

• Genital damage that does not drain.
• Condom of the inner surface of the anus.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

Once introduced into the body, it stimulates the appearance of small tumors with a dense and soft structure. Depending on the location, they can be pale pink or brown in color. This genotype is very common in the neck, armpits, intestines, external and inner genitalia, and bladder.

The danger of infection is due to the underlying course of the infection process. Because the pathogen may be inactive for a long time. Timely diagnosis and an integrated treatment can prevent complications of Type 58 human papillomavirus.

Human papillomavirus 59

The genotype of HPV 59 refers to the viruses that cause cancer. Under the action of a number of factors, it can damage the tissues of the cervix and uterine epithelium, causing precancerous conditions. This pathogen infection occurs when having unprotected anal or vaginal sex, less often when having oral sex.

Usually, the infection does not manifest itself for a long time. But the appearance of skin tumors and warts indicates its activation. Genital warts are formed on the external genitalia and their mucous membranes.

To diagnose a painful condition, a viral DNA and PCR analysis is performed. Treat with antiviral medication to prevent infection.

Human papillomavirus 66

Very often, the appearance of warts and papillomas on the body is associated with infection with the papilloma virus type 66. In this case, the areas of the skin in the most inappropriate position: the armpits, the periostal regionand around the eye sockets, perineum, and genital mucous membranes.

Usually, after the infection, the infection is inactive for a long time. But under the action of certain factors, it is activated. These factors include:

• Impaired defenses of the immune system.
• Unbalanced diet.
• Bad habits.
• Frequently changing sexual partners and having unprotected sex.
• Failure to follow the rules of personal hygiene.
• Get regular abortions and more.

Treatment with HPV 66 is aimed at eliminating skin growth and eliminating factors that provoke the spread of the infection. Antiviral and vitamin therapy is performed to increase immunity. Preventive measures include vaccinations, timely treatment of any disease, and a healthy lifestyle.

Human papillomavirus 67

According to the studies done, HPV type 67 belongs to the viruses with moderate degenerative cancer. That is, this genotype infection can, under certain conditions, cause precancerous conditions.

Infection penetrates through damaged mucous membranes and skin. Infection is manifested by papillomas that develop on the body. Growth can also form on the mucous membrane of the cervix.

Human papillomavirus 68

68 Genotype HPV has a low carcinogenicity and is manifested by the growth of different skin areas. The powerful spread of defects and their frequent trauma are dangerous. Because at this stage, the viral DNA replaces healthy cells, changing their structure. If the problem is left without medical attention, active progression of the type 68 papillomavirus can lead to carcinoma.